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污水站重金(jin)屬(shu)超標(biao)的幾種處理(li)方法
發(fa)表時間:2022-10-08 13:48:33 作(zuo)者:admin

       重金(jin)屬的(de)污染(ran)(ran)主(zhu)要來源工(gong)業污染(ran)(ran),其次是交通(tong)(tong)污染(ran)(ran)和生活(huo)(huo)垃圾污染(ran)(ran)。工(gong)業污染(ran)(ran)大多(duo)通(tong)(tong)過廢渣、廢水、廢氣排入環境,在人和動(dong)物(wu)、植物(wu)中(zhong)富集,從而對環境和人的(de)健康造成(cheng)很大的(de)危害,工(gong)業污染(ran)(ran)的(de)治理可以(yi)通(tong)(tong)過一(yi)些技術方法、管理措施來降低它的(de)污染(ran)(ran),最終(zhong)達到國家的(de)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排放標準。重金(jin)屬一(yi)般以(yi)天(tian)然濃度廣(guang)泛存在于自然界(jie)中(zhong),但由于人類對重金(jin)屬的(de)開采、冶煉、加(jia)工(gong)及商業制(zhi)造活(huo)(huo)動(dong)日益增多(duo),造成(cheng)不少(shao)重金(jin)屬如(ru)鉛、汞、鎘(ge)、鈷(gu)等進入大氣、水、土壤中(zhong),引起嚴重的(de)環境污染(ran)(ran),危害人類健康!
 
  針對重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)廢水(shui)的(de)(de)特性,目(mu)前常用(yong)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)水(shui)方法(fa)有:化(hua)學(xue)沉淀法(fa)、氧化(hua)還原(yuan)處(chu)理(li)、溶(rong)劑萃(cui)取(qu)分離、吸附法(fa)、膜分離法(fa)、離子(zi)交換法(fa)。通過對其(qi)治(zhi)理(li),采取(qu)將(jiang)有毒(du)化(hua)為(wei)無毒(du)、將(jiang)有害(hai)(hai)轉化(hua)為(wei)無害(hai)(hai),并(bing)且回收其(qi)中的(de)(de)珍貴金(jin)(jin)屬(shu),將(jiang)凈化(hua)后的(de)(de)廢水(shui)循環使用(yong)等措施(shi),消除和減(jian)少重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)排放量。
 
  1、化學沉淀法
 
  化(hua)學沉(chen)淀法(fa)(fa)是使重金(jin)屬(shu)廢水中(zhong)呈溶解(jie)狀態的(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)轉變為不溶于水的(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)化(hua)合(he)物的(de)方法(fa)(fa),包括中(zhong)和沉(chen)法(fa)(fa)和硫化(hua)物沉(chen)淀法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。
 
  2、氧(yang)化還(huan)原處理(li)(化學還(huan)原法)
 
  電鍍廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的Cr主要以Cr6+離(li)子形態存(cun)在,因此向廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)投(tou)(tou)加(jia)還原劑(ji)(ji)將Cr6+還原成微(wei)毒的Cr3+后,投(tou)(tou)加(jia)石灰或NaOH產生Cr(OH)3沉淀分(fen)離(li)往除。化學還原法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)電鍍廢(fei)水(shui)是(shi)最早應(ying)用的治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)技術之(zhi)一,在我國有著廣泛(fan)的應(ying)用,其治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)原理(li)(li)簡單、操縱易(yi)于把握、能承(cheng)受(shou)大水(shui)量和(he)高(gao)濃度廢(fei)水(shui)沖(chong)擊。根(gen)據(ju)投(tou)(tou)加(jia)還原劑(ji)(ji)的不同,可分(fen)為(wei)FeSO4法(fa)、NaHSO3法(fa)、鐵屑法(fa)、SO2法(fa)等。
 
  應用(yong)化(hua)學(xue)還原(yuan)法處(chu)理(li)(li)含(han)Cr廢(fei)水,堿化(hua)時一般用(yong)石灰(hui),但廢(fei)渣多(duo);用(yong)NaOH或Na2CO3,則污泥少(shao),但藥劑用(yong)度高(gao),處(chu)理(li)(li)本錢大,這是化(hua)學(xue)還原(yuan)法的缺點。
 
  3、溶劑(ji)萃取分離
 
  溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)是分離(li)和凈化物質常(chang)用的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。由于(yu)液(ye)一液(ye)接觸(chu),可連續操縱(zong),分離(li)效果(guo)較(jiao)好。使用這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)時,要(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)有較(jiao)高選(xuan)擇(ze)性(xing)的(de)(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji),廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)重金屬一般(ban)以陽離(li)子(zi)或(huo)陰離(li)子(zi)形式存在(zai)(zai),例(li)如在(zai)(zai)酸性(xing)條件下,與(yu)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)發生(sheng)絡合反(fan)應,從水(shui)(shui)相被萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)到有機相,然(ran)后在(zai)(zai)堿性(xing)條件下被反(fan)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)到水(shui)(shui)相,使溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)再生(sheng)以循環利用。這就要(yao)求(qiu)在(zai)(zai)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)操縱(zong)時留意選(xuan)擇(ze)水(shui)(shui)相酸度。盡管萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)有較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)優越(yue)性(xing),然(ran)而(er)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)流失和再生(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)能源消耗(hao)大(da)(da)(da),使這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)存在(zai)(zai)一定局限(xian)性(xing),應用受到很大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)限(xian)制。
 
  4、吸(xi)附法
 
  吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)法是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)劑的(de)(de)獨特(te)結構往除(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)離子(zi)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)有效(xiao)方法。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)法處(chu)理(li)電(dian)鍍(du)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)劑有活性(xing)炭、腐植(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、海泡石(shi)(shi)、聚糖(tang)(tang)樹脂(zhi)等。活性(xing)炭裝備簡(jian)單(dan),在(zai)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)中應用(yong)(yong)(yong)廣(guang)泛(fan),但活性(xing)炭再生效(xiao)率低,處(chu)理(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質很(hen)(hen)難達到回用(yong)(yong)(yong)要求,一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電(dian)鍍(du)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)預處(chu)理(li)。腐植(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)類物質是比較廉價的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)劑,把(ba)腐植(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)做成(cheng)腐植(zhi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)樹脂(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以處(chu)理(li)含(han)Cr、含(han)Ni廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)已有成(cheng)功(gong)經(jing)驗。有相關研究表明(ming)(ming),殼聚糖(tang)(tang)及(ji)其衍生物是重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)離子(zi)的(de)(de)良(liang)好吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)劑,殼聚糖(tang)(tang)樹脂(zhi)交聯(lian)后,可重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)復使用(yong)(yong)(yong)10次,吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)容量(liang)沒(mei)有明(ming)(ming)顯降(jiang)低。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)改性(xing)的(de)(de)海泡石(shi)(shi)治理(li)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)對Pb2+、Hg2+、Cd2+有很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)能(neng)力,處(chu)理(li)后廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)量(liang)明(ming)(ming)顯低于污水(shui)(shui)(shui)綜合(he)排放標準(zhun)。
 
  5、膜(mo)分離法
 
  膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)離法(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)高分(fen)子所(suo)具有的(de)選擇性來(lai)進(jin)行物(wu)質(zhi)分(fen)離的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu),包括電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)析(xi)、反(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透、膜(mo)(mo)(mo)萃取(qu)(qu)、超(chao)過濾等。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)析(xi)法(fa)(fa)處(chu)(chu)理(li)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)產(chan)業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui),處(chu)(chu)理(li)后廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)組成不變,有利于(yu)回槽使用(yong)。含Cu2+、Ni2+、Zn2+、Cr6+等金屬離子廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)都適(shi)宜用(yong)電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)析(xi)處(chu)(chu)理(li),已有成套設備(bei)。反(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透法(fa)(fa)已大規模用(yong)于(yu)鍍(du)Zn、Ni、Cr漂洗水(shui)(shui)和混合(he)重金屬廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)。采用(yong)反(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透法(fa)(fa)處(chu)(chu)理(li)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui),已處(chu)(chu)理(li)水(shui)(shui)可以回用(yong),實(shi)現閉(bi)路(lu)循環(huan)。液(ye)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)理(li)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)報道很(hen)多,有些領域(yu)液(ye)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)法(fa)(fa)已由基(ji)礎理(li)論研(yan)究(jiu)進(jin)進(jin)到初步產(chan)業應用(yong)階段,如我國和奧地利均用(yong)乳狀液(ye)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)含Zn廢(fei)水(shui)(shui),此(ci)外(wai)也應用(yong)于(yu)鍍(du)Au廢(fei)液(ye)處(chu)(chu)理(li)中。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)萃取(qu)(qu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是一種高效、無二(er)次(ci)污染的(de)分(fen)離技(ji)(ji)術(shu),該項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在金屬萃取(qu)(qu)方面(mian)有很(hen)大進(jin)展。

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