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【干(gan)貨】污水處理(li)的10個工藝原(yuan)理(li)! |
發表(biao)時間:2023-04-13 13:10:16 作者:admin |
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1.生(sheng)物膜法的凈(jing)化機理 1.生(sheng)物(wu)膜由好氧和厭(yan)氧兩層組(zu)成,有機物(wu)的(de)降解主要發生(sheng)在好氧層內進行。 2.空(kong)氣中的(de)氧溶解(jie)于(yu)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)中,從哪里通(tong)過(guo)附著(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)傳遞(di)給(gei)生(sheng)物(wu)膜,供(gong)微生(sheng)物(wu)用于(yu)呼吸,污水(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)有(you)機物(wu)則由(you)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)傳遞(di)給(gei)附著(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng),然后(hou)進入生(sheng)物(wu)膜,并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)細(xi)菌(jun)的(de)代謝(xie)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)而被(bei)降解(jie),使污水(shui)(shui)(shui)在其流動(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程中逐(zhu)步得(de)到凈化(hua),微生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)代謝(xie)產物(wu)如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)等則通(tong)過(guo)附著(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)進入流動(dong)(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng),并(bing)隨其排走(zou)而二氧化(hua)碳及厭氧層(ceng)分(fen)解(jie)產物(wu)如(ru)H2S,NH3,以及CH4等氣態(tai)代謝(xie)產物(wu)則從水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)逸出進入空(kong)氣中。 3.當厭氧(yang)(yang)層(ceng)還不厚時,它與好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)層(ceng)保持著一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)平衡與穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)關系(xi),好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)層(ceng)能夠維持正常的(de)(de)凈化功能,但厭氧(yang)(yang)層(ceng)逐漸(jian)加厚,并達到(dao)(dao)一定(ding)(ding)程度后,代謝產物逐漸(jian)增多,在其(qi)外逸的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)使好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)層(ceng)的(de)(de)生態系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)狀態遭到(dao)(dao)破壞,減弱凈化功能。 2.生物膜處理法的(de)主要特征 1.微生物(wu)相方面的(de)特征:(1)參與凈化反應(ying)微生物(wu)多樣化(2)生物(wu)的(de)食物(wu)鏈長 (3)能夠存活世代時間較長的(de)微生物(wu) (4)分(fen)段運行于優占種(zhong)屬 2.處(chu)理(li)工藝方面:(1)對水質(zhi),水量(liang)變動有較強的適應性(xing)(xing) (2)污(wu)泥沉降(jiang)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)良好,宜于(yu)固液分(fen)離 (3)能(neng)夠處(chu)理(li)低濃度(du)的污(wu)水 (4)易于(yu)維護運行,節能(neng)。 3曝氣池(chi)生物濾池(chi)流程和(he)特點(dian) 流(liu)程:池(chi)內底部設有承(cheng)(cheng)托層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),上(shang)部是作(zuo)為濾(lv)料(liao)的填(tian)料(liao),在承(cheng)(cheng)托層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)設置(zhi)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)用的空氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)及空氣(qi)(qi)擴散(san)裝置(zhi),處理水集水管(guan)兼作(zuo)反沖洗水管(guan)也設置(zhi)在承(cheng)(cheng)托層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內。被處理的原污(wu)水,從池(chi)上(shang)部進(jin)入池(chi)體,并通(tong)過由(you)(you)填(tian)料(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)組成的濾(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),在填(tian)料(liao)表面形(xing)成由(you)(you)微(wei)生物棲息形(xing)成的生物膜(mo)。在污(wu)水濾(lv)過濾(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)多的同(tong)時,由(you)(you)池(chi)下部通(tong)過空氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)向濾(lv)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)進(jin)行(xing)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi),空氣(qi)(qi)由(you)(you)填(tian)料(liao)的間隙上(shang)升,與下流(liu)的污(wu)水相接觸,空氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的氧轉移到污(wu)水中(zhong)(zhong),向生物膜(mo)上(shang)的微(wei)生物提供(gong)充足(zu)的溶解(jie)氧和豐富的有機物,在微(wei)生物的新陳代謝作(zuo)用下,有機污(wu)染物被降解(jie),污(wu)水得到處理。 特點(dian);(1)氣液固三相接觸,有機物(wu)容(rong)積負荷高,水力停留時間短、基建投資(zi)少、O2的(de)轉移效率高,動力抵銷低(2)可截留SS,脫落(luo)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)膜,勿(wu)需沉淀池,占地少(3)濾(lv)料3-5mm,比表面積大,微生(sheng)物(wu)吸著能(neng)力強(4)抗沖擊能(neng)力強(5)勿(wu)需污泥回流,無污泥膨脹,如(ru)反(fan)沖洗全部自動化,則維護管理也方便。(6)池內(nei)生(sheng)物(wu)量大,再由于截留作用,污水處理效果良(liang)好。 4什(shen)(shen)么是生(sheng)物膜法?與活性污(wu)泥法相比它(ta)有什(shen)(shen)么優(you)點(dian)? 答(da):生(sheng)物膜(mo)(mo)法(fa)就(jiu)是利用(yong)有細菌和(he)菌類(lei)(lei)一類(lei)(lei)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)物和(he)原(yuan)生(sheng)生(sheng)物、后生(sheng)動物一類(lei)(lei)的(de)微(wei)型動物附著在(zai)(zai)濾料或某些(xie)載體上(shang)生(sheng)長繁育而在(zai)(zai)其(qi)上(shang)形成膜(mo)(mo)狀生(sheng)物污泥(生(sheng)物膜(mo)(mo))來處(chu)理污水(shui)的(de)一種生(sheng)物處(chu)理技術。 優點:由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上(shang)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)種類(lei)(lei)較多,形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)系統比活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)系統穩定。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)(wu)鏈(lian)要長(chang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni),污(wu)泥(ni)量少于(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)系統,減(jian)少了(le)污(wu)泥(ni)后續處理的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)污(wu)泥(ni)齡較長(chang),生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上(shang)能(neng)夠存活(huo)像硝化(hua)細菌和亞硝化(hua)菌之類(lei)(lei)世代時(shi)間長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu),從(cong)而(er)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)消化(hua)功能(neng)。他對水質、水量變動(dong)有(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)適應(ying)性(xing),即使一(yi)段時(shi)間中斷進水,對生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)也(ye)不會(hui)(hui)有(you)致命影(ying)響(xiang),通水后易恢(hui)復(fu),而(er)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)則(ze)需要較長(chang)時(shi)間才能(neng)恢(hui)復(fu)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)無機成(cheng)(cheng)分高,比重較大,他的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)泥(ni)沉淀性(xing)良(liang)好。易于(yu)(yu)(yu)固液(ye)分離。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)法能(neng)夠處理低濃度廢水,而(er)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)則(ze)不適合處理低濃度的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水,若(ruo)(ruo)BOD長(chang)期(qi)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)50-60mg/L,會(hui)(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)污(wu)泥(ni)絮(xu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)。相比活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)法,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)易于(yu)(yu)(yu)維(wei)護運動(dong),節能(neng),動(dong)力費用(yong)低。若(ruo)(ruo)運行得當,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)法還可以實(shi)現(xian)同步硝化(hua)反硝化(hua)反應(ying)。 5、穩定塘特點(dian)(dian)及優缺(que)點(dian)(dian)。 特(te)點:(1)一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)人工(gong)強化(hua)(2)與水(shui)體自(zi)凈過(guo)程相(xiang)似(3)停留時間(jian)長(chang)(4)通過(guo)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)+水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)多種生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)綜(zong)合作用,使(shi)有機(ji)物(wu)降解,進而凈化(hua)污(wu)水(shui)(5)凈化(hua)過(guo)程包括——好氧(yang),兼氧(yang),厭氧(yang)三種狀(zhuang)態(6)DO來源于(yu)光合作用(7)適用各種污(wu)水(shui)(8)適用于(yu)各種氣候條件(9)可以實(shi)現從一(yi)級(ji)到(dao)二(er)級(ji)到(dao)深度處理技術的(de)全過(guo)程,一(yi)般(ban)相(xiang)當于(yu)二(er)級(ji) 優(you)點(dian):(1)投資省,工程(cheng)簡(jian)單(2)能(neng)夠污水(shui)資源(yuan)化,農業灌溉(3)能(neng)耗低 缺點:(1)占地(di)面積大(2)凈化效(xiao)果受自然因(yin)素控制(3)對地(di)下水的影響(4)衛生狀態差。 6、穩定(ding)塘對污水的(de)凈化作用(yong): (1)稀釋(shi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):風力、水(shui)流及(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)擴散的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)__物(wu)(wu)(wu)理過程(cheng)(2)沉淀和絮(xu)凝作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):SS自然沉降,小SS,微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)絮(xu)凝作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(3)好(hao)氧(yang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)代(dai)謝作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):異養型好(hao)氧(yang)菌(jun)(jun)和兼性菌(jun)(jun)(4)厭氧(yang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)代(dai)謝作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):兼性塘(tang)的(de)塘(tang)底+厭氧(yang)塘(tang)內 DO=0 水(shui)解階(jie)(jie)段、產氫產乙酸(suan)、產甲(jia)烷階(jie)(jie)段(5)浮游(you)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong):藻(zao)類(lei)的(de)主(zhu)要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。。。。供(gong)氧(yang);浮游(you)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)主(zhu)要功能。。。。吞(tun)食游(you)離細菌(jun)(jun),使水(shui)澄清。分(fen)泌產生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)絮(xu)凝的(de)粘液;底棲(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)------搖(yao)蚊(wen)攝取污(wu)泥層(ceng)的(de)藻(zao)類(lei)或(huo)細菌(jun)(jun)。使污(wu)泥層(ceng)數量減少;魚類(lei)------捕食微型水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)污(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。(6)水(shui)中維管束(shu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong);a吸收N、P。b 富集重金(jin)屬;c 向塘(tang)水(shui)供(gong)氧(yang);d、根莖為細胞提供(gong)了生(sheng)(sheng)長介質。 7、塘(tang)水(shui)(shui)的PH值有變化(hua)穩定塘(tang)對污(wu)水(shui)(shui)的凈化(hua)作用(yong);CO2+H2O----H2CO3------HCO3-+H+CO3-+H2O-------------HCO3-+OH- 白(bai)天光和作用(yong)強(qiang)烈,CO2被(bei)消(xiao)耗(hao),一式(shi)平(ping)衡左(zuo)移(yi)(yi),二式(shi)平(ping)衡右移(yi)(yi),所以PH上升,夜晚光和作用(yong)停(ting)止,CO2右行積累(lei),一式(shi)右移(yi)(yi)二式(shi)左(zuo)移(yi)(yi) PH降低。 8、土地處(chu)理系統的凈化(hua)作(zuo)用機理: 1、物(wu)(wu)理過濾---土壤顆粒間的(de)(de)孔(kong)隙具(ju)有(you)截留(liu) 濾除水中的(de)(de)SS的(de)(de)功能。2、物(wu)(wu)理吸(xi)(xi)附與物(wu)(wu)理化(hua)(hua)學吸(xi)(xi)附范德華力金(jin)屬(shu)離子(zi)(分交(jiao)換、吸(xi)(xi)附和(he)螯(ao)合作用)3、化(hua)(hua)學反應與化(hua)(hua)學沉淀------金(jin)屬(shu)離子(zi)與土壤中的(de)(de)某些(xie)組分4、微生物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)代謝作用 9、生物脫氮(dan)除磷的原理和工藝(yi) 在(zai)未經處理的(de)(de)新鮮污(wu)水(shui)中,含氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)存在(zai)的(de)(de)主要形式是有機(ji)(ji)(ji)氮(dan)(dan)和(he)銨態(tai)(tai)氮(dan)(dan),一(yi)般以有機(ji)(ji)(ji)氮(dan)(dan)為(wei)(wei)主,氨(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)是有機(ji)(ji)(ji)氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)在(zai)氨(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)菌的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下,分解(jie)轉換為(wei)(wei)氨(an)態(tai)(tai)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei):RCHNH2COOH+O2--------------RCOOH+CO2+NH3 硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)是在(zai)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)菌的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下。氨(an)態(tai)(tai)氮(dan)(dan)進(jin)一(yi)步氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),形成硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng),反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)式為(wei)(wei) NH4+2O2------NO3-+H2O+2H+-△F(△F=351kj)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)保(bao)持好(hao)氧條(tiao)件(jian),混合液有機(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)不應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)高。反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)時(shi)(shi)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氨(an)和(he)亞硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)氮(dan)(dan)在(zai)反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)菌的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下,被還原為(wei)(wei)氣態(tai)(tai)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。在(zai)反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)氮(dan)(dan)通過(guo)(guo)反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)菌的(de)(de)代謝活動,可(ke)能有兩種(zhong)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)途徑,即同(tong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),最(zui)終(zhong)形成有機(ji)(ji)(ji)氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu),成為(wei)(wei)菌體的(de)(de)組成部分,另(ling)一(yi)為(wei)(wei)異(yi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),最(zui)終(zhong)產物(wu)是氣態(tai)(tai)氮(dan)(dan)。 工藝:活性(xing)污泥(ni)法脫氮(dan)傳統工藝:污水進(jin)圖第一(yi)級曝(pu)氣池去(qu)除BOD,COD,使(shi)有(you)機(ji)氮(dan)轉化(hua)形成(cheng)NH3 NH4 ,完成(cheng)氨化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程。經過(guo)(guo)沉(chen)淀后,污水進(jin)入(ru)第二級硝化(hua)曝(pu)氣池,進(jin)行硝化(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying),使(shi)NO3- -----N,硝化(hua)需(xu)要消(xiao)耗堿(jian)(jian)度,所(suo)以要投(tou)(tou)堿(jian)(jian),以防PH下(xia)(xia)降。第三極為反(fan)(fan)硝化(hua)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器,這里在缺(que)氧條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),NO3- --------N 還原(yuan)為氣態N2,并逸往(wang)大(da)氣,在這一(yi)級應(ying)采取厭氧----缺(que)氧交替的運行方式,碳源即可(ke)投(tou)(tou)加甲醇(chun)也可(ke)引入(ru)原(yuan)污水充作碳源。 2 缺氧-----好(hao)氧活(huo)性污泥脫氮除磷(lin)系統(tong):硝化反(fan)應器(qi)內的已(yi)進行(xing)(xing)充分反(fan)應的消化液的一部分回流反(fan)硝化反(fan)應器(qi),而反(fan)硝化反(fan)應器(qi)內的脫氮菌以污水中(zhong)的有(you)機物作為(wei)碳源(yuan),以回流液中(zhong)硝酸鹽的氧作為(wei)受電體,進行(xing)(xing)呼(hu)吸和生命活(huo)動,將硝態氮還原為(wei)氣態氮,不(bu)需要(yao)外加碳源(yuan)。 10、生物除磷的(de)原理和(he)工藝 生物除(chu)磷(lin)就是利用除(chu)磷(lin)菌一(yi)類(lei)的微(wei)生物,能夠過(guo)量(liang)的,在(zai)數量(liang)上(shang)超過(guo)其生理需要,從外都攝取磷(lin),并將磷(lin)以聚合(he)形(xing)式貯藏在(zai)菌體內,形(xing)成高磷(lin)污泥,排除(chu)系(xi)統外,道(dao)道(dao)從廢水中除(chu)磷(lin)的效(xiao)果。
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